TYPES OF END CONDITIONS (Free ends, Hinged ends, Fixed ends,)

1 Free End : When the end support of a frame is able to slide over a bearing plate or pad or can role over horizontally placed rollers, it is termed as a free end. This type of end cannot resist any horizons force
and takes only the vertical loads. The reaction at such a supports is always vertical.

2 Hinged Ends : The end which cannot slide but allows the frame to be moved upward is termed as hinged end. This type of end condition can take horizontal as well as vertical loads. The reaction at
such a support can be vertical, horizontal or incined.

3 Fixed Ends : Small frames used for roof trusses etc. have embedded or bolted down ends. These are
termed as fixed ends. The reaction at fixed ends can be in line with loads i.e. inclined for wind loads and vertical for vertical loads.

False Ceiling

Under side of upper floors i.e. ceiling when covered with any material, in any form, is termed as false ceiling or decorative ceiling. It does not take any additional loads. Down ward beams, girders, joists, battens, T-iron or under side of trussed roofs (flat or sloping) are covered with different types of materials to form false ceilings. There can be other reasons for the use of false ceilings.

Where False Ceilings are Needed
Recreational buildings. public buildings, residential buildings are provided with false ceilings to increase the interior decorations. False ceilings are also provided to maintain comfortable temperature in buildings.
In air-conditioned buildings, a false ceiling is a necessity. It not only acts as an insulator but also covers the A.C. ducts. It also helps in providing A.C. vents at and where needed.
Theatres, cinema halls, conference halls, home theatre (a new trend in modern residential houses), radio stations. T. V, studios, sound recording studios are provided with false ceilings along with sound proofing. materials to act as an acoustic element, which checks echoes.
All false ceilings are suspended by suspenders supports from the ceiling or underside of the roof. The G.I sheet sections are fixed to form a net. To this, ceiling materials are fixed or moulded as per design pattern and decor.
False ceiling are also used to cover water supply and sewerage drainage pipe systems in multi-storeyed
buildings. Such services are so planned that these are just one above the other to achieve economy in their laying. The false ceilings in for such purposes are made up of thermocoal tiles of smaller sizes (say 600 x 600mm) and placed on aluminium or reinforced plastic T-sections.

Constructional Details of Cavity Walls & Drowing Details

The object of cavity wall is to separate the two leaves, therefore, it is essential to provide the cavity immediately above the horizontal D.PC. i.e 150 to 200 above ground level. At the sill level. the sill which may be of stone, cement, concrete or wood, it is extended upto the face of the inner wall. Horzontal D.PC. is also provided above the lintels. The cavity is extended upto bottom or copings in the
parapet. Weep holes are provided to drain off any seepaged water in the cavity

Cavity Walls From Foundation To Parapet & the  Detailed Drowing (see the fig)

Advantages of Cavity Walls

1) As there is no contact between the inner and outer walls there is no possibility of moisture travel ling from the outer leaf to the inner wall.

2) The layer of air in between the walls acts as an insulator and reduces the transferring of heat. Such
walls are most suitable for tropical region, like our country India. It is observed that cavity walls
have 25% more insulating value than solid walls.

3) These walls have good sound insulating properties. These are thus recommended for libraries, radio and T.V. recording rooms.
4) These walls are economical.

Cavity Walls (short not)

The walls having their thickness constructed in two separate parts with a uniform gap in between are known as cavity or hollow walls. Cavity wall consists of two walls with a 50 to 80 mm gap or cavity between them. the outer wall is known as outer leaf. It is 100 mm thick. The inner wall is thick and strong. It carries the super imposed loads of beams, trusses roofs etc. The minimum allowed thickness for inner walls is T00 mm. These walls are always laid in C. mortar (I: 4) to (I :5). These two walls are held together by impervions material ties.

Cantilever Retaining Walls. (Short not)

These walls have upper end free and the lower end fixed. These walls are designed as cantilever beams. Maximum concrete and steel is provided near the base and uniformity decreased upward. The wall may be singly or doubly reinforced. The main reinforcement is provided on the inner face. Alternate bars are cut in size so as to decrease the area of reinforcement near the top. This cutting of bars at different levels is known as curtailed reinforcement.

■ Features of a RCC Retaining Walls.
1) These walls are economical upto 6.00 m. height
2) Top thickness is taken as 200 to 500 mm.
3) Base width b is kept 0.5 to 0.6 of the over all height of the wall.
4) Thickness of base slab is normally keptth of over all height.
5) Projection of toe is kept between 1/4 to 1/3 of base width.
6) Front face is kept vertical.
7) Inner face batter is 1 in 12.

Framed Connection & Seated Connection ( Short not)

                 ■ Framed Comnections
When the beam is connected to the column flanges by placing cleat angles on either side of the web of a
beam, the connection is called framed connections. 

                ■Seated Comnections
When cleats are connected with the flanges of the horizontal beam for joining it to column, the connection is called a seated connection.